There are numerous reasons for tension headaches. Tension tends to indicate high SB or challenge SE.

Like headache, there are many forms of migraine, some Parasympathetically-mediated alike headaches, there are many forms of migraine, some Parasympathetically-mediated and some Sympathetically mediated. Whether P or S, P&S-mediated migraines are associated with improper brain perfusion (too little or too much, respectively), triggering the neurological effects that underlie migraine. P&S Monitoring specifies which and enables more specific therapy. Once P&S balance is established, any remaining symptoms are due to a brain disorder.

ADD/ADHD is characterized by a dynamic (challenge) PE that causes a challenge SE that is responsible for both the attention deficit and the hyperactivity. In essence, the PE induces a form of depression due to PE-induced marginal or poor brain perfusion. The secondary SE causes the “adrenaline storm” that underlies the attention deficit and the hyperactivity. We have had success switching these patients from the standard therapies (characterized by high dose, long-term) to low-dose, short-term anti-cholinergic therapy, and have relieved the disorder within 18 months. Once P&S balance is established, any remaining symptoms are due to a brain disorder.

As a catecholaminergic disorder, the P&S nervous systems are involved. While P&S balance helps to maintain quality of life longer, it does not always help to slow the disease process. P&S Monitoring will identify autonomic neuropathy, including Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy, to help minimize mortality risk.

Depression is characterized by PE, either resting or challenge, or both. All antidepressants are types of anti-cholinergics. The less the BP effect of these medications, the less of a P&S effect. Depression that persists after P&S are balanced, is psychological. P&S imbalance is the physiologic component and is associated marginal or poor brain perfusion. Once P&S balance is established, any remaining symptoms are psychological issues.

From a P&S perspective, Bipolar Disease is a primary PE disorder; therefore, and primary depression disorder. Once the PE is normalized, the SE (secondary to PE) is typically relieved organically, without additional medication. With P&S imbalance, the anxiety phases of Bipolar Disease are cycled when brain perfusion becomes too low, typically after an event that is associated with increased Parasympathetic tone (after large meals, before bedtime, after emotional responses). Once P&S balance is established, any remaining symptoms are psychological issues.

There are two underlying P&S forms: (1) resting high SB (indicating resting SE) as the primary P&S disorder; and (2) challenge PE, causing secondary SE, releasing excess adrenaline causing anxiety secondary to the challenge PE. The latter involves depression. The commonly experienced heart palpitations, in either case, are due to the associated SE, but are typically not life threatening due to SE that is not critical. Once P&S balance is established, any remaining symptoms are psychological issues.

PTSD is associated with what are known as “Quality of Life” (QoL) symptoms: sleep, GI, bladder and bowel dysfunction, lightheadedness upon standing, sex dysfunction, high BP, and depression. The opposing symptoms of depression and high BP help to confirm that PTSD involves both PE and SE; specifically challenge PE, leaving the SE as secondary. While P&S monitoring and guided therapy help to normalize QoL symptoms, it does not directly address the “trigger;” however, it has been found that once the QoL symptoms are normalized, patients are significantly better able to manage the trigger.

Disorders characterized by night-time sleeplessness are associated with SE, and disorders characterized by day-time sleepiness are associated with PE. Once P&S balance is established, any remaining symptoms may be psychological, hormonal, or neurological issues.

MSA and Parkinson’s Disease are nearly identical in the early stages. Treating one with the therapy for the other, accelerates the progression of the one. Since Parkinson’s Disease preserves Sympathetic innervation to the heart, P&S Monitoring differentiates the two earlier, helping to ensure proper therapy planning. Once P&S balance is established, any remaining symptoms are due to the disorder itself.

Idiopathic Peripheral Autonomic Neuropathy is one of the earliest signs of P&S dysfunction, enabling earlier and more aggressive therapy to slow or stay the progression of autonomic neuropathy by establishing and maintaining P&S balance.

CRPS is characterized by pain with both SE and PE. The SE due to the “stress” of pain and the PE due to compromised blood flow (e.g., due to plexus damage) to one or multiple regions of the body.

While P&S balance helps to maintain quality of life longer, it does not always help to slow the disease process. P&S Monitoring will identify autonomic neuropathy, including Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy, to help minimize mortality risk.

Sensory and motor neuropathies are preceded by autonomic neuropathy causing poor circulation inducing or exacerbating the others.

This disease also affects the P&S systems. While P&S balance helps to maintain quality of life longer, it does not always help to slow the disease process. P&S Monitoring will identify autonomic neuropathy, including Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy, to help minimize mortality risk.

In general, Orthostatic dysfunction is associated with alpha-sympathetic (adrenergic) insufficiency (Sympathetic Withdrawal, or SW) causing lower extremity vascular dysfunction upon standing, which causes a drop in BP upon standing (head-up postural change). P&S Monitoring quantitatively specifies SW, helping to differentiate Orthostatic dysfunction, including Orthostatic Intolerance, Orthostatic Hypotension, Orthostatic Hypertension, and Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS), from other causes of dizziness and lightheadedness (including Syncope). Treat the SW to relieve any of the forms of Orthostatic dysfunction. Note, the majority of patients with Orthostatic dysfunction are found to simply be dehydrated. Consider proper daily hydration as the primary recommendation.

In general, Syncope is (beta-) SE with standing (head-up postural change), in other words, a cardiac issue. P&S Monitoring can positively identify Vasovagal Syncope (stand SE with PE), and Neurogenic Syncope (stand SE with an abnormal HR response to stand). Cardiogenic Syncope is a diagnosis by omission. While Neurocardiogenic Syncope is the most commonly diagnosed form, P&S Monitoring helps differentiate the �?neuro’ component from the �?cardio’. Treat PE for Vasovagal syncope. Treat the HR abnormality for Neurogenic. Consider additional cardiac testing, including tilt table, to positively diagnose and treat Cardiogenic Syncope.

POTS and Vasovagal Syncope are difficult to differentiate, even with tilt-table. P&S Monitoring quantitates the Sympathetic response to stand (head-up, postural change), differentiating stand SW (indicating orthostatic dysfunction, including POTS) from stand SE (indicating Syncope). This is more information that enables more individualized therapy planning, including the possibility of both Orthostatic dysfunction and Syncope concurrently.

Chronic Hypotension is characterized by low SB or challenge PE. Once P&S balance is established, any remaining symptoms are cardiovascular issues.

As indicated above there are multiple reasons for lightheadedness and dizziness, including Vestibular dysfunction, especially in geriatrics. Consider both Vestibular testing and P&S Monitoring to fully document and diagnose and determine therapy.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome is characterized by low SB or challenge PE.